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Look up at the top for some science humor.

Shrödinger's Cat

Win.

Science Homework

What's up with your face?

Objective One

The magic of solutions, colloids, and suspensions:
All three are mixtures.
Solutions have small particles that will never settle out, even if you sit there watching them for a million years.
Colloids have larger particles than solutions, and they will settle out eventually.
Suspensions have the largest particles of all three and settle out quickly to create an ugly muck.

When a solutions forms, the particles in the solute are surrounded by the particles of the solvent. (Like a gang and their wimpy victim.)

The solute raises the solvent’s boiling point and lowers its freezing point.

Have you made a solution or solution or suspension?  You basically have a fifty percent chance of being right.  But in the same way, it’s only one-third of a chance.  Well, I believe it is a solution for the simple fact that the food coloring does not settle out immediately.  Also, food coloring is mostly water.

Oh my gosh, I already answered this question!  Please check number three of this objective for my epic answer.

Objective Two

Concentration is measured by measuring how much of one substance is mixed with another substance.  If you’re a magical fairy, though, you can use your magical fairy powers to measure concentration.

“You can identify a substance by its solubility because it is a characteristic property of matter.” (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_solubility_useful_in_identifying_substances)

The factors that affect the solubility of a substance are . . . . . . pressure, temperature, the solvent, and the trajectory of the sun and the moon on the night of—never mind.

Temperature affects the solubility because heat increases solubility.
(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080821184932AACBLG2)

Solubility is a property of matter . . . just like INERTIA!

Objective Three

Four properties of acids are:
they taste sour
they end in the suffix –ic
they create a hydrogen ion when put into a solution
and it turns litmus paper “red”.

Four properties of bases:
first base, second base . . . just kidding.
are slippery
are bitter
turn litmus paper “blue”
and usually end in the suffix –ide.

You can use litmus paper to distinguish an acid from a base because acids turn litmus paper “red” and bases turn litmus paper “blue”.

A food contains acid in its ingredients if it is sour.

Fertilizers are bases, and they can irritate your skin.  (Plus, the universe is out to kill us, so whenever we can be cautious, we must take that chance.)

Objective Four

The ion found in acids is . . . . drum roll, please . . . . . HYDROGEN!  Haha.  Watch me get that WRONG!

As with every other thing, acids form a hydrogen ion, and bases form a . . . . whatcha-ma-callit ion.

A substance’s pH tells you how acidic or . . . . basic a substance is.

A substance of pH 6 would contain fewer because 6 is closer to the neutral 7 than 3.

Objective Five

For people who have lost their teeth, the digestive process is slower because the acids have to eat away at unchewed food which takes longer.

Objective Six

acid – “any of various typically water-soluble and sour compounds that in solution are capable of reacting with a base to form a salt, redden litmus, and have a pH less than 7, that are hydrogen-containing molecules or ions able to give up a proton to a base, or that are substances able to accept an unshared pair of electrons from a base”(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acid?show=1&t=1291247367)

neutralization – the process of an acid or a base gaining a pH of 7 . . . . becoming neither an acid or base

indicator – “a substance (as litmus) used to show visually (as by change of color) the condition of a solution with respect to the presence of a particular material (as a free acid or alkali)”
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indicator)

corrosive – characterized by eating away at some metals

hydroxide ion – hydrogen with one more electron than usual, negative

Time Travel

'Time travel, reckons Cambridge University's Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, Stephen Hawking, is not possible "for if it was, they would already be here telling us about it".'
Source

Touche, Mr. Hawking.

Geez!

I would give my right hand to play like Wynton Marsalis . . . . just kidding!  I need that hand for trumpet-playing.  Maybe I'd give my left hand . . . . Or I could just give both of Aalia's hands and be done with it.   Hm----possibilities!

HOMEWORK!

OBJECTIVE ONE

The three common temperature scales are Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.

Thermal energy is related to temperature and heat because the measure of thermal energy depends on the temperature of an object.

Having a high specific heat means that it takes a lot of thermal energy to heat up one km² of a substance by one kelvin.  For example, water has a higher specific heat than sand and iron.

An ice cube melts in your hand because nature is trying to obtain an equilibrium.  Some of the thermal energy from your hand is being transferred to the ice cube.

Some materials get hotter more quickly than other because they have a low specific heat.  It takes a lot less energy to heat them up than some things.

OBJECTIVE TWO

Thermometers measure temperature  by using either mercury or colored alcohol.  Mercury or colored alcohols expands when heated.  As the temperature rises, the mercury/colored alcohol goes higher.  When cooled, mercury/colored alcohol becomes smaller. (http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/thermometer.html)

The three temperature scales, Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin, are similar because they all measure temperature.  However they are different.  Fahrenheit has the freezing point of 32 degrees and the boiling point of 212 degrees.  It is also used by the US and many other amazing, prosperous countries. (Please take this time to note any and all sarcasm) Celsius has a freezing of 0 degrees and a boiling point of 100 degrees.  It is used by any country in the world that is not called Jamaica, Belize, Palau, USA, or Liberia.  Therefore it is used by Canada.  Kelvin is used to measure massive amounts of heat or very cold temperatures.   The freezing point is 253 degrees and the boiling point is 353 degrees.

5 degrees Celsius is the same as 41 degrees Fahrenheit.

Venus can get up to 460 degrees Celsius.

It takes 209,000 J to heat 5 kilograms of water by 10 K.

OBJECTIVE THREE

The three forms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation.  Conduction is heat being transferred when matter not moving.  Convection is heat being transferred through waves in a fluid, and radiation is heat being transferred through electromagnetic rays.

Heat always moves from hot to cold.

Conductors allow heat to transfer easily whilst insulators prohibit the transfer of heat.

I think copper pipe would be a good conductor.  It is made out of a metal, and metals are usually conductors.  It is also cold to the touch.  Copper pipes are used for plumbing and air conditioning so they must be good about heat transfer.

If I was camping on a mountain and suddenly got cold, I would shear a sheep and wrap its warm, soft wool around me.  Wool is a good insulator.  This is an example of conduction.  I would then light a fire with the remains of a chicken, sacrificed on the night of a full moon (convection).  If I was still cold, (though this would be very unlikely due to the warmth of chicken fire), I would wrap myself in paper (also a good insulator).  Of course, I would accidentally use the homework I was supposed to be finishing, so if I ever fail to turn in my homework, I hope you understand why.

OBJECTIVE FOUR

Change in thermal energy causes a change in state of matter.

As thermal energy increases, matter melts.

Temperature stays the same as matter’s state changes because the thermal energy is being used to change the state whereas when state doesn’t change, the thermal energy merely raises the temperature.

Solids melt when put up to enough thermal energy.

You should poke holes into a potato before baking it because, if you don’t, the water will turn into steam that will try to escape.  When the steam’s plans to escape are thwarted, it will get angry and kill the potato through an epic explosion.

OBJECTIVE FIVE

Heat engines use thermal energy to do many magical things.  The thermal energy powers the engine, hence the name.

In external combustion engines, the combustion happens from an external source and heats up the inside fluid.  In an internal combustion engines, the expansion of a gas due to combustion powers part of the engine (causes it to move).

“In mobile equipment, internal combustion is advantageous since it can provide high power-to-weight ratios together with excellent fuel energy density.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine)

The state changes in the refrigerant of a refrigerator are gas to liquid or vice versa.

If the compressor in a refrigerator stopped working, the refrigerator wouldn’t get cold enough because the compressor wouldn’t make the air a high-pressure vapor.

Homework

Objective Two

1. The difference between physical and chemical changes is that physical changes are changes on the outside, such as change of shape or state (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) whilst chemical changes happen when the molecules changed.  A physical change would be cutting down a tree or melting ice.  An example of a chemical change is rust.

2. There are four signs of a chemical change.  One is gas emitting or the substance bubbling. Change of color (colour, if your British) also shows that a chemical change has occurred.  The final two are a solid being formed or light, heat, or sound being created. (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Four_ways_you_can_tell_a_chemical_change_has_taken_place)

3. The  Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can neither be created or destroyed.  (And that’s why we had to do all that chemical balancing.)  This was discovered by our good friend, Antoine Lavosier (who didn’t quite get to be the father of the periodic table, but he made up for it.)

4. Temperature is the average kinetic energy, but thermal energy is the total energy of particles. (http://www.bristolaggie.mec.edu/school/Velozo/Chapter6.htm)

5. An example of an endothermic reaction is something like photosynthesis.  An example of an exothermic reaction is the combining of chlorine and sodium to create table salt.  (http://chemistry.about.com/cs/generalchemistry/a/aa051903a.htm)

Objective Three

1. One of the forms of energy is chemical energy.  When humans digest foods, the chemical bonds are broken down.  The energy from that good goes into the human, in a different form.  Thermal energy can cause substances to melt.

2. A rolling bowling ball has kinetic energy.

3. A bowling ball sitting still has potential energy.

4. Electromagnetic energy is one type of energy that is often unseen.  It is found in gamma rays and radio waves.  It is can be defined as “the energy source required to transmit information (in the form of waves) from one place to another.”  (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-electromagnetic-energy.html)

5. The energy of electrons moving from one place to another is electrical energy.  This energy is found static electricity and lightning.

Objective Five

1. The relationship described in Boyle’s Law is the relationship between volume and pressure.  When volume increases, pressure decreases, but when pressure increases, volume decreases.

2. Scientists only half-fill high-altitude balloons because as the balloon travels upward, the pressure on the balloon decreases so the balloon gets bigger

3. PV=K  (pressure times volume equals constant)

4. Boyle’s Law is used by physicians when talking about lungs.  As the diaphragm lowers, the lungs grow bigger because of less pressure.  The diaphragm then applies pressure and carbon dioxide leaves the body because the volume of the lungs decreases.

5. SCUBA divers rely on Boyle’s Law because pressure increases and decreases due to the distance they are underwater.  As the pressure goes up, SCUBA divers use the air faster than at a lighter pressure.

Objective Six

1. Charles’s Law states that volume and temperature have an inverse relationship.  When volume increases, temperature increases.  When volume decreases, temperature decreases.

2. As the temperature of a gas increases, the gas molecules move more quickly.

3. Jacques Charles and Nicolas Robert were the first people to fly in a hydrogen balloon.

4. The balloon fell into a field and was torn to shreds by terrified peasants.

5. Pressure cannot be changed.